Technical Papers
Continuous Emissions Monitoring in the Oil & Gas Industry
The oil and gas industry contributes around 15% of total energy-related emissions globally, which is equivalent to 5.1 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions, making it a significant contributor to climate change and environmental pollution. By implementing responsible and effective emissions monitoring practices, this percentage can be reduced. Continuous emissions monitoring plays a crucial role in reducing pollution, meeting regulatory requirements, and supporting the industry’s transition towards sustainable practices.
Transforming Wastewater into Clean Energy
In today’s rapidly changing world, the need for sustainable energy solutions has become more pressing than ever before. As we grapple with the consequences of traditional energy sources on our planet, the urgency to shift towards cleaner alternatives has become undeniably clear. One such solution lies in transforming waste into clean energy. By harnessing the power of technology and innovation, we have the remarkable opportunity to not only mitigate the environmental impact of waste but also create a sustainable and renewable source of energy. This transformative process not only helps us address the global waste crisis but also fosters a cleaner, greener, and more prosperous future for generations to come. Embracing sustainable waste-to-energy solutions is not just about preserving our environment; it is about taking an active role in shaping a more sustainable and resilient world.
Good Calibration Gas - For the Natural Gas and LNG Industry
A calibration gas is a reference gas mixture used as a comparative standard in the calibration of analytical instruments, such as gas analysers, gas chromatographs or other gas measurement devices. If it is important that the instrument is capable of making good measurements, then the reference standard used to calibrate it is equally important.Â
Throughout this paper we are going to look at what makes a good calibration gas, the benefits it can provide and how it all relates to the measurement of Natural Gas or LNG.
Fiscal Measurement – How much?
Fiscal Measurement must not be confused with Custody Transfer; in fact, fiscal measurement is a more general term meaning “measurement for money” that includes both allocation and custody transfer flow measurement.Â
In this paper, written by Emerson Process Management, the elements of fiscal measurement are discussed in detail. ...read more.
Three Steps to Accurate Gas Metering Heaven
Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power stations, combined heat and power (CHP) plants, gas storage sites and intensive energy using industries burn or handle very large quantities of gas per annum. This gas usually represents one of the greatest input costs (and hence risks) to their business, a cost which is mainly determined by the accuracy of their gas metering and the price paid for the gas. Companies often go to great lengths to make sure the commercial arrangements for gas purchase are as favourable as possible, but overlook the obvious question: Actually, how accurate is our gas metering? Â Â Â
Written by Bob Thomson, Principal Flow Measurement Consultant, EffecTech Ltd.
Introduction to Calibration Gases
A calibration gas is a mixture of gaseous components used as a comparative reference in the calibration of analytical instruments, such as gas analysers or gas detectors. Calibration is important for all testing instruments and the calibration gas is a means of establishing a known response to a certified chemical component concentration. This paper looks at the key aspects to be aware of when procuring and using calibration gas. We will examine common terminology including metrological hierarchy, traceability, accreditation and units.
Gas Quality Matters
Natural Gas is made up of several component gases and is therefore subject to natural variation. This inconsistency affects the energy contained within a given volume of gas. Gas quality is most commonly described based on the measurements taken of the heating value, also known as calorific value, Wobbe Index, relative density, among others.
Why ISO 10723?
One of the most frequently asked questions EffecTech receives is what is the ISO 10723 performance evaluation and why is it necessary? This short technical paper has been prepared to answer these questions and allow potential customers to make an informed decision.
Reducing Errors & Uncertainties
Natural gas and LNG are traded on total energy delivered. Energy delivered is the product of volume flow and gas quality. It follows that errors and uncertainties in the measurement of gas quality or flow will affect the total energy calculation. Due to the large volumes of natural gas flowing across fiscal custody transfer points even a very small error in either measurement can lead to large financial discrepancies.
This paper will look specifically at ways to help reduce errors and uncertainties in gas quality measurements.
Choices in Gas Detection: Electrochemical versus Semiconductor Sensors
The choice of detection method for monitoring toxic gases in industrial settings has been a subject of persistent debate. Toxic gas monitoring is critical for natural gas power plants, chemical processing, oil and gas production plants, and refrigeration facilities around the world. Leakage of hazardous gases can result in property loss through excessive corrosion, damage to the environment and, most critical, injury and death.
In this paper, written by Emerson Automation Solutions, the pros and cons of sensor type are discussed.Â
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